Interventional Radiologists can access almost any part of the human body without the need for conventional open surgical techniques. As such, they are poised to change the way patients can be treated, given they can locally deliver drug, gene, cell and cell-free therapies directly to affected organs using image-guided endovascular (i.e. within blood vessels), percutaneous (i.e. through the skin), endoluminal (i.e. within the bowel, respiratory or urinary system), and even using device implantation (i.e. bioscaffolds) approaches. These Precision Delivery  approaches overcome many of the issues related to conventional systemic delivery of therapies which includes: first-pass drug metabolism, off-target side effects, lung entrapment of cellular therapies and liver/spleen entrapment of nano or micro scale cell-free and gene-vector therapies.